实际项目中的StrutsPlugIn插件扩展

作者:冰莲如水

本文讲述Struts应用在实际项目中的插件类开发技术。在我们的learndiaryV1.0项目中已经有了很好的应用。通过对它的讲解,我们可以了解在应用开发中这一技术的实做经验。首先说明Struts插件扩展技术的特点:

Struts框架的一大优势在于它允许开发人员根据实际需要来扩展框架,定制客户化的功能。

Struts1.1框架提供了动态插入和加载组件的功能,这种组件被称为Struts插件。Struts插件实际上就是一个Java类,它在Struts应用启动时Struts框架调用每个插件的init()方法进行初始化,在插件的初始化阶段可以完成一些初始化的操作,如建立数据库连接,和远程系统建立连接,在当前的应用范围内加入插件类自身的实例等。在应用关闭时Struts框架会调用每个插件的 destroy()方法,destroy()方法可以用来完成释放资源的任务,如关闭数据库连接,断开与远程的连接等。任何作为插件的Java类都应该实现org.apache.struts.action.PlugIn接口。PlugIn接口包括两个方法:

       public interface PlugIn {

        /**

        *当struts应用启动时,下面的方法将被调用执行

        */

        public void init(ActionServlet servlet, ApplicationConfig config)

              throws ServletException;

       /**

       *当struts应用关闭时,将调用下面的方法,以释放资源。

       */

        public void destroy();

       }

Hibernate 存取及批量更新删除

            Hibernate 存取及批量更新删除

作者:冰莲如水

Hibernate是介于JAVA应用逻辑层与数据库层之间的一类开源的ORM中间件。ORM(即Object-Relation Mapping)从字面意义上讲就是对象-关系映射,ORM模式指的是在单个组件中负责所有实体域对象的持久化。其重点就在于把实体域对象通过一定规则上的映射机制,转化为数据库中所对应的记录,即持久化。为了更好的理解持久化,我们可以回想一下,以前所用到的通过JDBC API来对实体域对象实现的持久化。例如:

    Connetion con = null;

    PreparedStatement stmt = null;

     try{

        con = getConnection();

        con.setAutoCommit(false);

        stmt = con.prepareStatement(“insert into customers (ID, NAME, AGE) values (?,?,?)”);

        stmt.setLong(1, new Long(1));

        stmt.setString(2, new String(“ping”));

        stmt.setInt(3, new Integer(20));

        stmt.execute();

       }catch(SQLException sqlex){

           con.rollback();

         }catch(Exception e){

         …… }

        finally{

           try{

              stmt.close();

              con.close();

           }catch(Exception ex){

             …….

            }

          }

        }

thinking of a website building

  Recently,I found a website existing some secret question.I think,there are something are the commom questions.

  This website is large and I am very like him.I found his IP address and port was exposed.This is a tomcat port.When I entered the directory address,I found he didn't forbid the directories viewing!So,I could view all the contents under the directory.There were some secret information in the subdirectories.I can enter some place of website with administrator authority.

  I sent three emails to the administrator of website,but,almost 10 days past,they didn't receive these three emails.(Later,I knew this because this email address had fulled of thousands of letters,of course,I think the most of them are garbage letters.So they didn't receive that email box at all.)

  At last,I sent an email to a system user attached a picture which showing I have enter the management function of website.Then,they knew.

  From above,I think:

1.the communication between website and users must be non-blocked;

2.Can't expose the IP:PORT to the users;

3.Can't expose the location of a database file(*.mdb);

4.The user password must be MD5ed;

5.A non-hacker should not enter other's website with illegal athourity,even if you are good heart,remember,even a bird fly over the sky will leave a little.

daughter felt shame when other people blamed her

  My daughter is always free in front of us.but when she was blamed by other people,she would fell shame.

  One day,my mother took her to a neighbour home.She was playing with mistress's daughter and making great noise when the mistress was having a nap.

  The mistress was waked up by their noise.

  "You have waked up me with great noise!"she blamed at these two girls.

  Immediately,my daughter became quiet,she nestled against grandmother's leg,obviously,she felt shame.

  "Who did blame at you?" grandmother asked.

  Daughter pointed the room which mistress was in,no speaking.

(转贴)Struts的多模块设计

Struts的多模块设计

Struts在1.1以后的版本引入了模块(Module)的概念,克服了1.0的并行开发所遇到的问题。但是模板的规划往往又是比较麻烦,如果不注意,可能适得其反,影响你的开发速度。下面我们看看如何去规划一个对模块的Struts项目。

首先我们需要建立一个web的项目,接下来就要进行目录规划。如下图:

(http://www.learndiary.com/pictures/j_struts_module.gif)

 

1 首先确定项目的模块,如此项目中包含两个模块:mFirst和mSecond,当然还有缺省模板。

2 本例子中考虑到使用XDoclet自动生成Struts配置和校验文件,所以有些特殊性。在WEB-INF下建立两个目录mFirst和mSecond,用于模块配置文件的存放。同时建立merge目录,并包含相应的模块目录,主要存放XDoclet生成Struts配置文件所需要的合并文件。模板的java源码和测试代码也分别存放,这样便于管理。为了包含某些不允许从浏览器端直接访问的jsp文件,我们在WEB-INF下同时建立webpages目录,该目录下同时包含模块目录,主要存放各个模块的受限文件。

3 本例中为了集成方便,所有编译后的代码均存在同一目录下(WEB-INF\classes),编译后的测试代码同样存在同一目录下。

4 经过以上的设置,为XDoclet生成配置文件提供了方便,我们的原则是同一个模块只有一个配置文件(struts-config.xml)和校验文件(validation.xml)。

 

 

5 接下来我们只需在web.xml中进行模块声明即可,其他信息请参考struts的sample。

<init-param>

<param-name>config</param-name>

<param-value>WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value>

</init-param>

<init-param>

<param-name>config/mFirst</param-name>

<param-value>WEB-INF/mFirst/struts-config.xml</param-value>

</init-param>

<init-param>

<param-name>config/mSecond</param-name>

<param-value>WEB-INF/mSecond/struts-config.xml</param-value>

</init-param>

6 完成这些信息以后,我们要注意一些事情:

struts-config.xml文件中的Controller声明,由于我们将模板的jsp文件隐藏到WEB-INF目录下,而不是在根目录下直接建立模板目录,所以必须设置forwardPattern,详细信息请参考Struts文档。请在每个模块的struts-config.xml文件中添加以下代码,在本例中为:

<controller forwardPattern="/WEB-INF/webpages/$M$P"/>

在每个模块的properties资源文件中可能都有配置Struts默认的出错信息,因为这些模块都是独立的。

7 接下来就是模块的之间的切换问题,因为在现时过程必须需要解决的问题。其实很简单,如果你想使用项目下绝对路径(包含模块目录信息),只需将forward的contextRelative属性值设置为true即可,这样模块之间切换也很容易实现。

<forward contextRelative="true" name="success"

path="/mSecond/second.do" redirect="false"/>

8 接下来就是你的代码啦,可能你要在编码中适当地考虑到项目模块之间的关系。

总结:多模块设计不太难,但是你也的考虑周全点,这样会给你的开发带来方便。在IntelliJ IDEA下,虽然在模块比较多的情况下目录很乱,通过设置excluded,让你的目录更整洁,这样就可以关注你的模块。在有些情况下,取消excluded,这样你有可以把握项目全局。

 

posted on 2005-08-17 09:03 风太少 阅读(34) 评论(0)  编辑 收藏

《新概念英语第二册》10篇精典背诵课文详解

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 《新概念英语第二册》背诵大赛课文详解   [2004-4-21 12:16:07]

 

 

  作者:新概念部    来源:武汉新东方 

 

《新概念英语第二册》背诵大赛课文详解

    为了“新东方杯”新概念背诵大赛的参赛者能更透彻地理解文章精华,武汉新东方新概念部的老师们特意为大家准备了《新概念英语第二册》指定背诵篇目的全面分析,深厚的文化背景和精彩绝伦的语句详解一定不会让你失望。

《新概念英语第二册》指定10篇参赛文章详解??

Lesson 38

Everything except the weather

Background knowledge

    英国天气实在太古怪了。也许这一刻阳光普照,下一刻就有可能刮风下雨,也可能会下大雪;今天是夏天,明天有可能就变成冬天,也可能是春天。说变就变,刚才还是晴空万里,转眼间就乌云密布,当你还在犹豫出门是不是应该带伞的时候,雨水已经开始亲吻大地了。有时候雨会断断续续下很久,因为常是小雨或中雨,淋一下不要紧。而雨大时风也太大,很容易就能把伞掀翻吹破,所以英国人不爱撑伞,都直接让雨淋着,偶尔看见有撑伞的,也只是上了年纪的老太太。他们和平时一样,迈着同样的步伐,怀着同样的心情,并没有因为天气而发生变化。

    英国人见面寒暄以“今天天气”为开场白,和中国人以“吃了么”打招呼一样自然,表明了长期以来,英人对天气的关心程度不亚于国人对吃饭问题的关心。不过现在这种传统似渐渐消失,并非天气变好了,而是交通工具发达,暖气设施无处不在,防水外套花样也不少,人们出门带不带雨具,穿多穿少没多大关系。

New words and expressions

except   prep. 除…之外

比较:except 和 besides

except   prep. 除…之外 (不包含该介词的宾语在内)

All the students go to park, except John. 除了约翰以外,所有的学生都去公园了。(约翰没去)

We go to school every day except Sunday. (星期日不上学)

besides  prep. 除…之外还有(包含该介词的宾语在内)

All the students go to park, besides John. 除了约翰以外,所有的学生都去公园了。(约翰也去了)

We go to school every day besides Sunday. (星期日也要上学)

比较:except, except for 和apart from

except 不可放在句首,放在句首用 Except for, 或者是Apart from .

Except for (Apart from) some spelling mistakes, his composition is excellent.

 Mediterranean  n.地中海(= the Mediterranean Sea, 位于欧, 亚, 非三大洲之间),地中海沿岸的居民

adj.地中海的, 地中海民族的

 complain v. 抱怨, 悲叹, 控诉

They complained that the price of books had increased.

complain of … 诉说

The patient complained of headache.

complain about/at sth. 抱怨

They always complain about the weather.

complaint n. 诉苦, 抱怨, 牢骚, 委屈, 疾病

I have no complaints to make.

 continually adv. 不断地, 频繁地

比较:continually 和 continuously

continually 时断时续,在一段时间内多次发生

It rained continually. (雨下会停会,总的来说,一直在下)

continuously 没有间断,连续不断的

It rained continuously. (雨一直下,从不停顿)

 bitterly adv. 苦苦地, 悲痛的, 厉害的

cry bitterly 痛哭

The students complain bitterly about their living conditions. 学生们对其住宿条件十分不满。

bitter adj. 苦的, 痛苦的, 怀恨的 

bitter tears 辛酸泪,血泪;bear bitter hardships 含辛茹苦

If he failed, it could be a bitter disappointment to his parents. 如果他失败,那将会使他的父母失望。

n. 苦味 

taste the sweets and bitters of life 备尝人生的甘苦

 sunshine n. 阳光

构词形式:n. + n.

The land will start dry with some sunshine. 阳光使地面开始变干。

sunrise n. 日出 

We got up at sunrise. 我们在日出时起床。

sunset n. 日落, 晚年 

the sunset of life 晚年

The builders stop work at sunset. 施工人员在日落时停止了工作。

We sat on the beach and watched the sunset. 我们坐在海滩上看日落。

 Notes on the Text

1.       My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.

1)      主句谓语动词 had lived 为过去完成时,表示live 这个动作发生在过去之过去;before 引导的从句中的谓语动词 returned 是一般过去时。

   The thieves had already gone before Mr. Smith came downstairs.

    在史密斯先生下楼前,小偷已经跑了。

2)      my old friend 和 Harrison 为同位语。

    I have just received a letter form my brother, Tim. (Lesson 4)

    He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the center of Australia. (Lesson 4)

 2.       He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country.

1)      这句话是以 and 连接的并列句,句中的两个谓语动词(had dreamed & had planned)均为过去完成时。

2)      dream of 梦见;幻想,向往

    I little dreamed of it. 我做梦都没有想到。

I always dream of returning home. 我经常想到回家乡的情景。 

3)      plan to do 计划做

We plan to spend our holiday in Europe. 我们打算去欧洲度假。

4)      settle down 定居, 平静下来, 专心于

    settle (oneself) down to work

 3.       He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.

1)      no sooner…than 一…就:no sooner 引导的部分用过去完成时;than 引导的部分用一般过去时。如果把No sooner 放到句首,它引导的部分要主谓倒装。

   I had no sooner left the house, than it began to rain. 我一出门就下雨了。

   We had no sooner hung the picture on the wall, than it fell down. = No sooner had we hung the

picture on the wall, than it fell down. 我刚把照片挂到墙上,它就掉了下来。

 

4.       Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.

1)      “almost immediately he began to complain about the weather”是整句话的主句,for 在句子中是连词,表示“因为”,引导原因状语从句 “for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold”,在这个从句中 “it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold”是主句,“even though it was still summer”为让步状语从句,句中 “even though” 意思是“即使,虽然”。

2)      even though = even if “即使,虽然”

    I will not finish the work, even if (though) I don’t sleep tonight.

即使(就算)晚上不睡觉,我也完成不了工作。

 5.       He acted as if he had never lived in England before.

1)      as if/though 引导方式状语从句,译为“好像”。

    He speaks English as if (though) he were an Englishman.

他说英语就好像他是英国人一样。

He raised his hand as if (though) to take off his hat. 他举起手好像要摘下他的帽子。

 6.       In the end, it was more than he could bear.

1)      in the end 最后,终归

   In the end we won the battle. 我们最终赢得了战役。

2)      more than 超过…的范围

   He is more than pleased. 他十二分高兴。

 7.       He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.

1)      hardly…when 一…就:hardly 引导的部分用过去完成时;when 引导的部分用一般过去时。如果把Hardly 放到句首,它引导的部分要主谓倒装。比较no sooner…than.

   I had hardly left the house, when it began to rain.

   We had hardly hung the picture on the wall, when it fell down. = Hardly had we hung the picture on the wall, when it fell down.

Lesson 54

Sticky fingers

New words and expressions

sticky  adj. 粘的, 粘性的;天气温热的(让人感到身上粘乎乎的)

The glue makes my fingers sticky.

The dog-days (大热天,三伏天) makes us feel sticky.

    天狼星在英文里叫“the Dog Star”。在每年的7月到9月之间,天狼星在太阳升起之前出现在天际,停留几分钟至太阳升起一会儿就消失了。天狼星虽然在天际停留的时间很短,但它比任何其他天体都明亮(比太阳都亮得多),所以以前的人认为是因为它的出现才使天气更加炎热,所以人们用“the dog-days”来表示“大热天,三伏天”。

stick  n. 棍, 棒, 手杖

gather sticks to make a fire 拾柴生火

v. 粘住, 粘贴

stick a stamp on a letter 在信封上贴邮票

stick to 坚持

stick to one’s work / promise / belief / decision / principles

坚持工作 / 信守诺言 / 坚定信仰 / 坚守决定 / 坚持原则

stick to the original 忠于原文

 finger  n. 手指

the little finger 小拇指;the ring finger 无名指;

the middle finger 中指;the index finger 食指;thumb 大拇指

His fingers are all thumbs. 他笨手笨脚的。

keep one’s fingers crossed

祈求成功(由于耶稣的十字架被视为辟邪的象征,所以“交叉手指”被用来祈求幸运和辟邪)

I keep my fingers crossed that you may achieve what you dream of.

 pie  n. 馅饼, 喜鹊, 爱说话的人

an apple-pie 苹果派

have a finger in the pie 染指,参与某事

pie in the sky 不能保证实现的承诺

She can talk for the whole day, just like a pie. 她整天说话,像只喜鹊。

 mix v. 使混和, 混淆, 混合

You can’t mix oil with water. 你不能把油和水混合起来。

mix up 调好,拌好  be mixed up in /with a quarrel 参与争吵

up 表示“彻底,完全” eat up 吃光;drink up 喝光

mixture  n. 混合, 混合物, 混合剂

People are a mixture of good and evil. 人有好坏。

 pastry  n. 面粉糕饼, 馅饼皮

paste   n. 糊, 面团, 黏土团   

toothpaste 牙膏

Mix the powder with enough water to make a smooth paste. 在面粉里加入适量的水才能揉出好面。

vt. 用浆糊粘, 张贴   

paste the poster on the wall 把海报贴在墙上

 annoying  adj. 恼人的, 讨厌的

The annoying thing is that he is usually right. 每次都是他对,真令人讨厌。

annoyed  adj. (人)感到生气,讨厌的

She is annoyed with him for forgetting to phone. 他没给她电话让她感到生气。

 receiver  n. 听筒,接受者, 接收器, 收信机

pick up the receiver 拿起听筒 → (反)hung up the receiver 放下(挂上)听筒

 dismay  v. 使沮丧, 使惊慌

be dismayed at the news听到消息惊慌起来

n. 沮丧, 惊慌

be struck with dismay at the news 听到消息惊慌起来

They stared at each other in dismay. 他们沮丧地互相看着。

to one’s dismay 使人沮丧的是

To my dismay, I failed my final examination.

 recognize  v. 认可, 承认, 公认, 赏识

She recognized her old classmate as soon as she saw him.

recognition n. 承认;认可

 persuade  v. 说服, 劝说, (使)相信, 劝某人做(不做)某事

persuade sb.to do sth.         说服某人做某事

I have persuaded him to do this.

persuade sb. into doing sth.    说服某人做某事

We tried to persuade him into doing this, but he would not listen to us.

persuade sb. out of doing sth.   劝说某人不做某事

We have persuaded him out of these odd ideas. 我们已经劝说让他放弃这些古怪的念头。

persuade sb. of               使信服,使同意

persuade sb. that…           使某人相信

 mess  n. 混乱, 脏乱

I made a mess of my exam. 我考试考得一团糟。

My room is in a mess. 我的房间乱七八糟。

I am in a mess. 我感到困惑。

v. 弄乱

mess up 弄乱

She felt he had messed up her whole life. 她觉得他毁了她的生活。

 doorknob  n. 门把手doorbell

构词形式为 n.+n.

doorbell 门铃,  doorman 守卫,看门人

moonwalk 月球行走,honeymoon 蜜月,nickname 绰号

 sign  n. 标记, 符号, 记号, 征兆, 迹象, 征候

A dark cloud is a sign of rain. 乌云是下雨的迹象。

They showed every sign of being willing to study English. 他们表露出愿意学习英语的迹象。

v. 签名(于), 署名(于)~, 签署

sign a treaty 在条约上签字

 register  n. 记录, 登记簿, 登记, 注册, 寄存器

vt. 记录, 登记, 注册, 提示, 把...挂号

register a birth 登记出生; register trade-marks with the office 向机关注册商标

vi. 登记, 注册, 挂号

register at a hotel 在旅馆登记

You forgot to sign the check! 你忘记签支票了。

 Notes on the Text

1.       After breakfast, I sent the children to school and then I went to the shops.

1)      after breakfast 是时间状语,and 连接并列句。

2)      go to the shops = go shopping 购物

 2.       The children were at school, my husband was at work and the house was quiet.

1)      这句话含三个简单句,用 and 连接,and 要放在后两个简单句之间;前两个简单句之间打逗号。

    She entered the classroom, found a seat and sat down.

He got up, cleaned his teeth and washed his face (before he went to work).

2)      be at school 在上学;be at work 在上班

 3.       So I decided to make some meat pies.

1)      decide 决定,下决心

   I have decided to study English well.

   同义表达还有 make up one’s mind

   I have made up my mind to study English well.

4.       In a short time I was busy mixing butter and flour and my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry.

1)      in a short time 是时间状语 (= in a short while),后面是and 连接的并列句。

2)      be busy doing 忙于做某事

   I am busy finishing my homework.

 5.       At exactly that moment, the telephone rang.

1)      at this / that moment 正在这 / 那时

    John is listening to the radio at this moment. 约翰这时正在听收音机。

    At that moment, we heard a knock on the door. 正在那时,我们听到敲门声。

2)      exactly 恰恰,正 (用以加强语气)

    That’s exactly what I want. 这正是我想要的。

    He gave exactly the reply they wanted to hear. 他的答复正是他们想听到的。

 6.       Nothing could have been more annoying. 没有什么能比这更令人讨厌的了。

1)      这个句型值得套用:

   Nothing could have been more interesting / amusing / moving / embarrassing.

    没有什么能比这更有趣/好笑/令人感动/令人尴尬的了。

    Nothing could have been better. 再没有更好的了。

 7.       It took me ten minutes to persuade her to ring back later.

1)句子中it 为先行主语,实际主语是to persuade 这个不定式短语。

    It is very important to memorize this article. 背诵这篇课文很重要。

2)It took / takes sb. some time to do sth.. 某人花多少时间做某事。

    It took me three days to finish the model.

 8.       There was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the doorknobs.

1)三个on 的介词短语并列,后两个之间用 and 连接。

   There are people everywhere, in the hall, out the hall and even on the ground outside the hall. 

到处都是人。大厅里,大厅外,甚至是厅外的广场上都是。

 9.       I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead.

1)      no sooner … than… 一…就 (参考Lesson 38)

2)      be enough to do 足以…

   It is enough (for us) to eat. 这足够我们吃了。

   The water in the swimming pool is warm enough (for you) to swim.

泳池的水足够热,可以游泳了。

3)      the dead 定冠词(the) + 形容词,用来表示一类人

   the rich 富人;the poor 穷人;the good 好人;the evil 坏人

   The rich should help the poor. 富人要帮助穷人。

   The good should punish the evil. 好人要惩罚坏人。

Lesson 75

 背景知识:

    可能大家都知道S.O.S.是一种求救信号,并由此联想到了历史上最大的悲剧性海难--泰坦尼克沉船事件,在为那些屈死的灵魂深感惋惜的同时,也在心里埋怨当时没有能够及时发出海难求救信号,其他船只和海上救援组织没有及时施救。很多人都以为S.O.S.是由一些单字的首字母缩写而成,如Save Our Souls(拯救我们的生命!),Save Our Ship(拯救我们的船只!),Stop Other Signals(停止发送任何其他信号!),Sure Of Sinking(船就要沉了!)等。但是,真是这样的吗?

    其实,S.O.S.只不过是国际莫尔斯电码救难信号,并非任何单字的缩写。鉴于当时海难事件频繁发生,往往由于不能及时发出求救信号和最快组织施救,结果造成很大的人员伤亡和财产损失,国际无线电报公约组织于1908年正式将它确定为国际通用海难求救信号。这三个字母组合没有任何实际意义,只是因为它的电码 ...---...(三个圆点,三个破折号,然后再加三个圆点)在电报中是发报方最容易发出,并且接报方最容易辨识的电码。在此之前,国际公海海难求救信号为C.Q.D.。这三个字母也没有任何实际意义,尽管很多人认为它是Come Quickly, Danger.(快来,危险!)的首字母缩写。虽然1908年国际无线电报公约组织已经明确规定应用S.O.S.作为海难求救信号,但C.Q.D.仍然有人使用。泰坦尼克海难发生初期,其他船只和救助组织之所以没有能够及时组织施救,主要是因为他们不明白船上发报员开始发出的过时的C.Q.D.求救信号。直到整个船只都快没入大海才发出了S.O.S.求救信号,但到了此时谁还能有如此的回天之力,拯救那些无辜的即将永远葬身海底的灵魂呢?

    让我们在记住S.O.S.的同时,一并记住以下这几个单词吧:SEND(送出),DOCTOR(医生),HELP(帮助),INJURY(受伤),TRAPPED(被困),LOST(迷失),WATER(水)。

 

课文注释:

1.       light: 我们最为熟悉的词义是“轻的,不重的”,例如:The basket is very light; I can easily pick it up.(篮子很轻,我可以很容易地拿起来。)在这里,light则表示“轻型的,轻载的”,比方说:a light truck.(轻型卡车),light tanks(轻型坦克)。

 

2.       passenger plane: 客机,处此以外,我们还需掌握其他一些常见的表示“飞机”的单词:

aircraft指“能够在空中飞行的机器或装置”,也就是我们常说的“飞行器,航行器”,是各种各样的飞机或者飞船的总称。而airplane或者aeroplane [英式] 则是对各类飞机的总称,也就是说aircraft = airplane + airship(飞船)。此外,glider指“滑翔机”,jet plane指“喷气式飞机”,push-button plane指“无人驾驶飞机”,而helicopter则表示“直升飞机”。

 

3.  passenger(乘客),air hostess(空姐),pilot(飞行员)

 

4.  flew off course: 飞机偏离航道。course在前几个单元里曾经出现过的意思有“课程,科目”,如:I took part in a short-term course. (我参加了一个短期培训班。);或者表示“一道菜”,如:The main course is served after the starter.(主菜要在开胃菜之后上。);或者表示“过程,经过,进展”,in/ during the course of(在……期间),如:They quarreled in the course of discussion.(他们在讨论的时候争吵起来了。)

 

5.  some time ago表示“不久前”= before long;而sometime则表示“在过去或将来某个不确定的时间”,如:Let"s get together sometime.(让我们日后再相聚。)

 

6.  only表示“唯一的”,一般来说后面接单数可数名词,如:He is the only child at home.(他是个独生子女。)这里the only passengers则表明飞机上有且仅有三名乘客,而a young woman and her baby daughters在此处作主语的同位语。

 

7.  in the middle of winter表示“正值隆冬季节”;同样的,我们有in the early winter(恰逢初冬),或者in the late winter。

 

8.  英语中有以下三组形似的单词,希望能引起大家的注意:

lie??lied??lied??lying说谎

lie??lay??lain??lying 平躺,卧;位于,处于(某一位置)

    lay??laid??laid??laying放置,铺设;下蛋,产(卵)

lie作为一个规则动词,表示“说谎”,例如:Darling, I"m sorry I lied to you.(亲爱的,我很抱歉向你撒了谎。)而lie作为一个不规则动词,则表示“躺;位于”,例如:The little boy was lying in the shade of the tree.(那个小男孩正躺在树荫下。)或者The factory lies to the west of town.(工厂在小镇的西边。)而lay作为一个规则动词,其动词原形恰好与lie的过去式相同,它表示“放;下蛋”,如:Will you please lay the table for dinner? (请你摆好餐具准备吃饭好吗?)或者The hen laid three eggs.(母鸡下了三个蛋。)

 

9.       thick除了表示“厚的,粗的”,如:ice 5 centimeters thick(5厘米厚的冰),还可以表示“浓稠的,茂密的”,    如:thick soup(浓汤),thick mist(浓雾),thick forest(茂密的森林)

 

10.   When it grew dark: 当夜幕降临时,这里的grow是一个系动词,后面直接跟形容词作表语,表示“变的……”,与be动词相比,更加强调由一种状态变化到另一种状态的过程,类似的系动词还有turn,fall,become,get,如:Her face turned red at the sight of her boyfriend.(她一看见她的男朋友就脸红。)It is getting colder and colder.(天气渐渐变冷了。)

 

11.   covering them with all the clothes she could find: 把所有能找到的衣服都盖在了孩子身上,这里的动词-ing作状语,表示一种伴随性的状态。

 

12.   kept as near as she could to the children: 尽可能的靠近孩子,as … as …是英语中一个常见的结构,例如:as cold as ice(冷若冰霜),as clear as day(一清二楚的),as dark as night(漆黑)等。

 

13.   wonder表示“觉得奇怪,惊奇”,常与at或者that连用,如:I wonder that each man speaks a different language in England.(我感到十分惊奇的是,在英国每个人都说着一种语言。)

或者I wonder at his rudeness.(我对他的粗鲁感到奇怪。)wonder还可以用作一个名词,表示“奇观,壮举,奇才”,例如:the Seven Wonders of the World(世界七大奇观)

 

l、背景知识:世界七大奇观:

    公元前2世纪,西顿城的一位旅行家把他在旅途中所见到的最好、最奇丽的文物古迹,经过对比排列,选出了七个,编排出了第一个“世界七大奇迹”的名单(据说“七”是以天上北斗七星之义):埃及的金字塔、巴比伦的空中花园、奥林匹亚的宙斯神庙、爱菲萨斯的第安娜神庙、哈力卡那斯陵墓、爱琴海的罗得斯铜像和亚历山大港大灯塔。由于当时中国尚未与外国有多少交往,堪称当时世界奇迹的长城,未能列入。到了公元15世纪前后,这七大奇迹中除金字塔之外,几乎已经不存在了,于是又有一些旅行家重新编制了一个世界七大奇迹的名单。他们是:罗马大斗兽场、亚历山大里亚地下陵墓、中国万里长城、英国巨石建设围圈、中国南京琉璃塔、比萨斜塔、索非亚大教堂。把原来的七个称之为上古世界七大奇迹,把新编的称作中古七大奇迹。此外,还曾有中国西安的秦始皇兵马俑为第八奇迹的说法,甚至称中国国宝佛指骨真身舍利为第九奇迹的。

 

14.   She stamped out the letters ‘SOS’ in the snow. : 她在雪地上踩出了“SOS”几个字母。stamp在这里是一个动词,表示“用脚跺,猛踏,狠踩”,如:stamp one"s feet with anger(气得直跺脚),stamp about the room(在房里重步走来走去)。

 

15.   It was not long before … 表示“不久”,这是一个需要重点掌握的句型,尤其要学会在写作时运用它。例如:It was not long before he got married.(没过多久,他就结婚了。)

 

16.   rescue作“援救,营救”讲,如:The police rescue a man from bandits.(警察从盗匪手中救出一个人)

[同义词辨析]save,rescue与reclaim

    save是最为常用的一个单词,表示“挽救、保护某人或事物免于受到伤害和损失”,也可以表示“赎罪”,如:The smallpox vaccine has saved many lives.(天花疫苗挽救了许多人的生命。)rescue则通常指“采取直接的行动而免于即刻发生的伤害或危险”,如:rescue the sailors from a torpedoed ship(从被击沉的船上抢救出船员)。而reclaim只适用于人,意思是“改过”,如从谬误到美德或正义或正当的行为的改过;也指将某物转变为有用的或有生产能力的事物,例如:To reclaim me from this course of life was the sole cause of his journey to London.(他伦敦之行的首要目的是使我改过自新。)

 

多项选择题答案:

1)c  2)a  3)b  4)d  5)b  6)a  7)b  8)b  9)d  10)d  11)c  12)c

Lesson 77

 

背景知识:

    古埃及(Egyptian)人相信人的生命在死后还会继续,认为完整的尸体是灵魂在来世栖息的必要场所。因此,他们对死后保存尸体和对生前保持良好健康同等关切。因而,制作木乃伊就成为了古埃及特有的传统,也是古埃及文明留给后世的一份特殊的遗产(legacy/ inheritance)。

    木乃伊就是通过涂敷香料保存下来的尸体。它们的大脑自鼻腔中取出,内脏器官则从腹部的小切口中摘除,存放在礼葬瓮中以永久保存。埃及人用一百八十公斤的含盐混合物包裹尸体,这种混合物名为泡碱,可用作防腐剂,以保持尸体干燥与减少气味。他们还会在尸体的心脏部位放上一块护身符,心脏是尸体中唯一保留的内脏器官。随后,他们用细亚麻布包裹木乃伊,并将其浑身饰满祷文。木乃伊的制作过程费时长,制作昂贵,一般一具完整做的木乃伊制作完成需要70天的时间。

 

课文赏析:

1.The mummy of … had an operation. : 第四单元的句型结构较前三个单元更为复杂,比如本文的第一句,主语是the mummy,而后面的介词短语of an Egyptian woman作了the mummy的后置定语,而接下来的who died in 800 B.C.则是一个定语从句修饰an Egyptian woman,因此,翻译成汉语就是“死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了一次手术”。

 

2.B.C.是Before Christ的缩写,表示“公元前”;而A.D.则是Anno Domini的缩写,表示“公元”。

 

3.have an operation作“动手术”讲,其主语往往是“病人”,如:The patient had an operation on his stomach.(那个病人的胃部做个了手术。);如果是医生给病人做手术,我们则用perform an operation on sb或者operate on/ upon sb.

 

4.Thebes: 底比斯,是古埃及著名的古都,也是阿蒙睿神所居住之城,现如今被称为路克索(Luxor)。阿蒙睿是众神之首,也是法老的守护神。阿蒙睿和妻子缪特Mut、儿子空素 Khonsu一起被称为“底比斯三神”(Thebes Triad)。历代法老都会兴建两座神庙群,即加内克神殿(Temple of Karnak)和卢克索神殿(Temple of Luxor)来祭拜底比斯三神。

 

5.       As there were strange marks … the mummy: “由于在给这个木乃伊拍摄的X光片上有奇怪的斑点。”这里的as表示“由于,因为”,引导原因状语从句,相当于because或者since。

而taken of the mummy则是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰X-ray plate。

 

6.find out: 表示“(通过观察或询问)查明”,与find(纯粹表示“找到”这个客观的结果)

还是有所区别的。如:Please find out when the ship sails for New York.(请打听一下那艘船什么时候开往纽约。)

 

7.The operation … covered the skin. 这句话的结构比较复杂,包含了好几个从句。在理解

    这句话时,我们应先找出句子的主干,这句话的主干是The operation proved to be very difficult.(手术非常难做。)在把握了句子的主干后,我们再来分析它的修饰成分。在这句话中which lasted for over four hours是一个非限制性定语从句,修饰the operation;because of … 这一整个介词短语作后置定语,修饰difficult;而在这个介词短语中,又包含有一个定语从句which covered the skin,用来修饰the hard resin。

    除此以外,这句话中还有几个单词是需要特别注意的。一个是last,它在这里用作动词,表示“持续,支持,(使)维持”,例如:Our holiday lasts 10 days.(我们的假期有10天。)This food will last them 5 days.(这些食物足够他们吃五天。)

[同义词辨析] continue,last与persist

    这四个单词都含“继续”、“延续”的意思,但不同的是continue指“持续而无终止”,通常强调“不间断”, 如:continue one"s work(继续工作)。last则指“持久”、“延续”, 如:The rain will not last long.(这雨不会持续很久。)而persist则表示“持续存在下去”, 如:The snow is likely to persist in most areas.(可能在大部分地区还有雪。)

   

    另外一个需要重点掌握的单词是prove,表示“显示出……,证明是……”,相当于turn out to be,后面可以直接跟形容词作表语,也可以跟动词不定式prove to be + n./ adj.。例如:He proved to be a doctor.(他原来是个医生。)Your theory proves impractical in practice.(实践证明你的理论一点都不实用。)

 

8.  同样是指“皮”,skin指“人的皮肤,动物的外皮”,也可以用来指“一些植物的外皮”,是一个常用词, 如:human skin(人的皮肤)或者a banana skin(香蕉皮);hide 指“大型动物粗糙的皮”,如:the hide of a cow(牛皮);pelt 指“产毛动物的皮(未经加工或未硝的)”,如:the pelt of a mink(貂皮);peel则指“某些水果、植物的能削掉的皮”, 如:potato peel(土豆皮);而bark则指“树或木本植物的硬皮”,如:the bark of a old tree

(老树皮)。

 

9.  a section of the mummy: 木乃伊的一个切片,这里的section指“切片, 切面, 剖面(图)”,此外,它还可以表示“部分;零件;章节”,例如:One section of the class was reading and the other section was writing.(班上的一部分人在看书,另一部分人在写东西。)a section of a pipe(一段管子)。

 

10.   a small wax figure: 一尊小塑像。在这里指“轮廓,体形”,例如:I could see a tall figure near the door.(我可以看见门附近有一个高大的人影。)Girls always eat like a bird in order to keep a slender figure.(女孩子们吃的很少,为的是保持苗条的身材。)

 

11.   Duamutef: 杜米特夫神,他是荷鲁斯神的四个儿子之一,他和他的三个兄弟(Imsety,Hapi和Qebehsenuef)一起保护死者的身体。杜米特夫神是一具牛头的木乃伊,专门保护死人的胃,他的其他三个兄弟则分别保护死人的肝,肠和肺。这也是古埃及人为什么要把他的塑像放在木乃伊内的原因了。

 

12.   fortunately this has not happened: 幸运的是这种情况并没有发生。

[同义词辨析]happen,chance,occur与take place

这四个词都含有“发生”的意思。happen为常用词语,,指“一切客观事物或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生”,如:The accident happened yesterday.(昨天发生了一起事故。)chance则指“偶然发生”、“碰巧”,如:He chanced to meet her.(他偶然遇见了她。)

occur属正式用语,指“按计划使某事或效果发生”,通常所指的时间和事件都比较确定,在以具体事物、事件作主语时, 可与happen 互换,如:These events occurred in 1909.

(这些事件发生于1909年。)而take place则表示“发生事先计划或预想到的事物”,如:

The meeting took place at 8:00 as planned.(按计划会议在八点举行了。)

 

13. survive表示“经历……后依然活着,幸免于,经受得住”,如:survive all perils(经危难而未死),The custom still survives.(这种风俗习惯还保存着。)

 

多项选择题答案:

1) a  2) c  3)a  4)b  5) c  6)d  7) d  8) d  9) a  10)a  11) b  12)a

 

Lesson 79                 By Air

 

本课重点:过去经常发生的动作及否定前置的倒装句。

1.       parent: 父(母亲)指双亲时通常用parents

          e.g.  May I introduce you to my parents?

               parent company  母公司,总公司

 

2.       flight attendant: 空中乘务员,也可称之为air-hostess

    frightened: 害怕,担惊

        frightening: 令人害怕的,也可用frightful.

        e.g.  a frightening experience 可怕的经历。

a frightful accident.     可怕的事故

She was frightened at what she saw .她所看到的事情让她惊恐万分。

frighten还可作及物动词采用,通常用于:

frighten sb into/out of doing sth. 恐吓某人做或不做某事。

 

3.       curious: 急于了解的,好奇的.

be curious about sth. 对某事充满好奇。

e.g. She is curious about everything.  她对一切都好奇。

curiosity: n. 好奇心

e.g. Curiosity killed the cat. 好奇是危险的。

 

4.       bomb  n. 炸弹

bomber  n. 轰炸机

 

5.       plant  v. 安放,种植

e.g.   To plant a bomb on the plane. 在飞机上安装了一颗炸弹。

 I like planting flowers.  我喜爱种花。

 

二、Text (课文讲解)

1. I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy.

我在幼年的时候,曾经多次乘飞机旅行。

a)       used to do 表示过去经常发生的事,强调现在已经不存在的习惯。

e.g.  I used to get up early when I worked in the factory.

在厂里上班的时候,我通常起得很早。(现在用不着早起了)

He didn’t use to drink   他过去不喝酒的。

b)      a great deal. (大量,许多)与不可数名词连用的类似短语有:

a great deal of water/time

a large amount of money

a lot of water.

 

2. A flight attendant would take change of me … 我总是由一位空中乘务员照管…

a)       would 表示过去经常发生的动作,它与used to 的区别如下:

 1) 当used to 表示与现在的状态的对比时,不可以用would替换。

e.g. I used to drive to work, but I have given up driving now.

我过去常开车去上班,但现在我已经放弃开车了。

Tom used to be a doctor, but now he is a manager.

汤姆过去是个医生,但现在他是一位经理。

2) 当used to不强调与现在的对比时,可与would替换。但一个故事的开头不能用would, 必须先用一般过去时或used to 描写背景,然后用would表示习惯。

e.g. When I was young, we used to spend my holidays on a farm.  We would get up at 5 and we would help milk the cows. 我小时候经常在农场度假,我们总是5点起床,帮助挤牛奶。

b)      take charge of表示接管,开始管理,也可以说:

be in charge of

e.g. She took charge of our dog when we went on holiday.

我们去度假后,她负责我们家的狗。

The new manager will be in charge the company from next week. 新经理从下个星期开始管理公司。

 

3. I am used to traveling by air …我习惯了乘飞机旅行…

  use, be sued to 与used to.

(1)    use 常为及物动词,表示“用”、“使用”,“运用”等。

I don’t know how to use the word. 我不知道如何使用这个单词。

The machine has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground.   (use用于被动语态之中)

这机器被人们用来探测地下埋藏的金子。

This sofa can be used as a bed. 这个沙发可以被当作床来用。

(2)    be used to doing 表示“习惯于”,后留跟名词或动名词,be也可用get等代替。

I am used to shopping alone. 我习惯于一个人购物。

She is used to getting up early. 她习惯于早起。

(3)    used to表示过去经常习惯的动作,这一点我们前面已经做了比较。

 

4. … only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened.只是有一次把我吓坏了。这是一个倒装句。其结构为 “副词+助动词(be, do, have, can, must等)+主语+句子的其它部分”。它通常用来加强语气。用倒装句的情况包括:

(1)句首为否定或近似否定的副词(never, rarely, little, on no occasion, hardly, no sooner … than等)。

e.g.  Never have I got so many letters. 我从来收到过这么多信件。

      On no occasion must you accept any money if he offers it.

      他如果给你钱,你可绝不能接受。

     No sooner had he returned than he bought a house and went to live there. 他刚一回来便买了一幢房子住了进去。

(2)句首状语为only构成的词组。(如only after, only then等):

         Only after you work hard can you succeed. 只有努力之后,才能成功。

         Only then did I realize what a mistake I have made.

         只是到了那时我才意识到我犯了一个什么错误。

 

5. gain height.  (飞机)增加高度,爬高。

  gain及物动词,表示“增加”。

  e.g. The car gained speed when it was outside the town.

汽车驶出城区后便加快了速度。

He has gained so much weight that he decides to go on a diet. 他体重增加的太多了,便决定节食。

 

6.       touch own.  (飞机)着陆,降落。

e.g. After eight hours, the plane touched down at New York airport.

8小时之后,飞机后在纽约机场着陆。

Don’t stand up before the plane has touched down.

飞机着陆前不要站起来。

 

7.       Everybody on board was worried … 飞机上的人都很着急…

“On board” 表示搭乘(飞机、船、火车、汽车等);“在(船、飞机、火车、汽车等)上”

e.d.  Tom has never been on board a plane before.

汤姆以前从没有乘过飞机。

There was a very important person on board (the ship).  船上有一位重要人物。

 

8.       … five hours later we were able to take off again.

5小时之后,我们又起飞了。

 

与take有关的短语动词:

1)     take off  :1)脱下(衣服、鞋子等).2)起飞或(鸟)飞起.3)口语中表示“嘲弄地模仿”。

e.g. Why don’t you take off your coat/hat?   为什么不脱下你的大衣/帽子呢?

After taking off, we first flew low over the city.

起飞之后,我们先在城市上空低低地飞机。

As a boy, Tom used to take off his elders.

吉姆小时候经常模仿长者。

2)     take after  :(长相、性格等像某人)

I am easy to get along with .  I take after my mother.

我像我母亲,很容易相处。

3)     take up :1)脱下(衣服、鞋子等) 2)开始、着手(从事;产生兴趣等)

This work won’t take up too much time. 这项工作不会占太多时间。

He took up economics after he went to college.

上大学之后,他学经济。

4)     take to 养成…的习惯或“开始沉缅于”(后跟名词/动名词)

When did he take to drinking/smoking?

5)     take in: 欺骗(用于口语中,常用被动语态)

I was take in on one occasion. 有一次我被骗了。

6)     take down 写下、记下

Take down what I said. 记下我说的话。

I forgot to take down his telephone number. 我忘记了记下他的电话号码。

7)     take over 接收,接管

He took over his father’s factory after he graduated.

他毕业之后接管了他父亲的工厂。

Lesson 84                     On Strike

 

本课重点:代词“it”作形式宾语及四级考试之中常见的短语。

 

一、  生词与短语:

strike   1) 罢工

e.g.  go on strike 举行罢工

             be on strike  在罢工

          2) 作动词:“打、击”

e.g.  Strike while the iron is hot.  趁热打铁。

The o’clock will strike twelve in 20 minutes’ time.

钟在20分钟后敲响十二点。

 

State:   1) v. 正式提出、宣布、陈述

e.g.  He stated positively that he had never seen this man.

              他肯定地说他从未见过此人。

          2) n. (仅用单数) (指人或物在环境、外观、心情等方面的)状态、情况。

e.g.  She is in a poor state of health.  她的健康欠佳。

 

agreement: 协议、同意

e.g.  We are in agreement on that point. 关于那一点,我们的意见一致。

            There is no agreement about/on what should be done.

应该怎么办,大家意见不一致。

            We reach an agreement about the pay.  我们就工资达成协议。

 

relieve.  1) 缓解、减轻

The medicine has relieved my toothache. 这药减轻了我的牙疼。

            2) 使…宽心,松一口气

  The news relieved the whole family. 这消息使全家人安心了。

  He was much relieved to hear that the operation had been successful.

                            听说手术成功,他大大地松了一口气。

 

extent    程度、范围

e.g.       To a certain/some extent, he was very successful.

在某种程度上说,他是很成功的。

The weather has helped me to some extent. 

天气在某种程度上帮了我的忙。

 

volunteer:  1) vt. / vi. 自愿、自动提出。

They volunteered to drive the buss while the strike lasts.

他们自愿在罢工期间驾驭公共汽车。

Frank has volunteered for the army. 弗兰克自愿参军。

              2) n. 自愿者。

 The road was built by volunteers. 这条路是由志愿者筑成的。

 

gratitude    感激、感谢

We expressed our gratitude to the college students for their help.

我们对大学生的帮助。

 

object  vi. 不赞成、仅对…,必须与“介词to+名词/动名词”

   e.g.   Do you object to my sitting beside you? 你反对我坐在你旁边吗?

   A lot of people object to smoking in public places.

   许多人不赞成在公共场所吸烟。

二、 课文讲解

1.       The strike is due to begin on Tuesday.  罢工定于星期二开始。

due 表示“预约的、约定的”,后面可带to的不定式,也可以不定,它后面通常有确定的时间状语。

e.g.  The plane is due (to arrive) in London at 9 o’clock. 飞机预定9点抵达伦敦。

The performance is due to begin at 7 o’clock in the evening.

演出定于晚上7点开始。

due to 后面若是名词,表示“由于”,“因为”。

e.g.  Our delay was due to the heavy traffic. 我们被耽搁了是因为交通拥挤。

 

2.       … the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions…. 此次罢工将一直持续到就工资和工作条件问题达成全面协议的时候为止。

“about pay and working condition …” 作agreement的定语。

Reach an agreement about/on sth. 就某事达成协议,还可用

“arrive at” or “come to” 还代替reach.

e.g. We have reached an agreement on the time to go outing next week. 我们就下个星期出游的时间达成了协议。

 

3.       to some extent. 在某种程度上;还可用

to a certain extent, so some degree, to a certain degree.

e.g. The price change will affect the apply and demand to some extent.

价格的变化将会在一定程度上影响供求关系。

 

4.       the press新闻界、报界(集合名词,后面动词用单数或复数均可)

Ian is a member of the press. 伊恩是位新闻界人士。

The press is / are waiting to see the president.

记者们在等着总统。

the press conference 记者招待会。

 

5.       People are going to find it difficult to work. 人们仍会感到上班有困难。

“It”可以作形式主语,也可作形式宾语。

1)“it”作形式主语,真正的主语是不定式或主语从句。

e.g.    It is easy to study English.  学英语很容易。

           It is a pity that you didn’t come yesterday. 昨天你没来太遗憾了。

2) “it”作形式宾语,真正的宾语为不定式或从句,常接形式宾语的动词除find 外,常用的还有think,    consider, feel, make, keep等。

e.g.  He thought it easy to get the ticket. 他以为搞到票很容易。

        She felt it right for them to arrest the thief. 她认为他们逮捕小偷是对的。

Lesson 88                              Trapped in a mine

 

本课重点:比较真实条件句及非真实的条件句。

一、  words and expressions.

trap:  1) n.陷阱    e.g. a fly-trap  捕蝇器

                  a mouse-trap 捕鼠机

2)v. 陷入,使陷入困境

e.g. Six men have been trapped in a mine for seventeen hours.

    6个人被困在矿井里已有17个小时了。

 

explosive: 1) n. 炸药

2) adj. 易发作的,易爆炸的。

The old man has an explosive temper. 这人脾气暴躁。

 

vibration: 震动

vibrate:  v. 震动、颤动。

e.g. The house vibrates whenever a train passes.

   每当有火车经过,该房屋都会震动。

 

Collapse: 1) vi.  倒塌

          e.g. The old church collapsed after the heavy rain.

         大雨之后,那座老教堂倒塌了。

2)(因精疲力竭)倒下,(身体等)垮掉

         e.g. After many years’ hard work, my mother’s health collapsed.

        由于多年的辛苦劳动,我母亲的身体垮了。

 

layer: n. 屋:   a layer of oil.   一层油

              layer-cake 夹心蛋糕

 

lay:  v.  放、置:e.g. lay sb off   下岗、解雇

                    lay down one’s arms. 放下武器、投降

                    lay sth. in. 贮备粮食

 

progress: 1) v. 进展、进行:  The work is progressing steadily.

                         工作正在稳步的进行。

2) n. 进步、进展:  John is making fast progress in English.

                  约翰的英语正在进步神速。

 

二、  课文讲解:

1.       … They may lose their lives.  他们有可能丧生。

lose one’s life.  失去生命。(表示死亡的表达法有:)

pass away   逝世了。

die a dog’s death.  潦倒而死

kick the bucket.  翘辫子

turn up one’s toes.  翘辫子

slip one’s breath.  断气了。

 

2.       … rescue operations are proving difficult. … 事实证明营救工作非常困难。

prove 之后带形容词,表“证明是,结果是。”

e.g. His operation proved successful. 他的手术很成功。

What he had told us proved false. 他告诉我们的事是假的。

 

3.       Rescue workers are therefore drilling a hole on the north side of the mine. 因此,营救人员正在矿井的北侧钻一个洞。

therefore 表示“因此、所以”既可独立使用,也可以位于动词前;副词。

so表示“因此,所以”时常作连词。so 后面不用逗号隔开。

e.g. His parents gave him some money, and he was therefore able to buy a car.  他的父母给了他一些钱,所以他能买起一辆车。

We arrived early, so we got good seats. 我们到得早,因此我们找到了好座位。

 

    4.   As it is 实际上,事实上。(类似的表达法有)

  As a matter of fact

  In fact                  Actually

e.g. I thought they would help us.  As it is they just sat there and looked on .

我以为他们会帮助我们,实际上他们却只是坐着旁观。

 

5. enable: 及物动词,“使…能够”

        e.g. The strike will enable the employers to increase the workers’ salary.

           罢工将使雇主们增加工人的工资。

        前缀“en-”加在名词或形容词前可以使这个词成为动词。

        e.g.

          endanger 使遭受危险

          enlarge   扩大

          enslave   奴役

          entrap  使…入陷阱

1.       keep in touch with sb. 和某人保持联系

get in touch with sb.  和某人取得联系

lose touch with sb.  和某人失去联系

e.g. Can you get in touch with the company?

你能和那家公司取得联系吗?

I am in close touch with Jane.  我和简保持密切地联系。

 

2.       … they are running out of food and drink…

他们的食物和饮料都快耗尽了。

1)  run out of   用完、耗尽

e.g He has run out of money.  他的钱用光了。

2)  run after  追赶、追逐

e.g. She ran through a forest after the two thieves.

她穿过森林,追赶那两个小偷。

3)  run over  在…驶过,辗过

e.g. The car ran over his legs.  那车辗过了他的双腿。

   The cat was run over by a train.

      那只猫被火车压死了。

4)  run in 试车,试转

e.g. Tom is running his new car in.

        约翰正在试他的新车。

      Run in the engine before you start work

         在开始工作前,先试试发动机。

5)  run into 偶然碰见

e.g. I ran into an old friend while traveling in Italy. 我在意大利旅游时碰见了一个好朋友。

 

3.       They would lose heart  他们将失去信心。

lose heart: 泄气、灰心

lose one’s heart to sb.  爱上某人。

e.g. Mr. Wang told us not to lose heart.  王先生叫我们别灰心。

George lost his heart to Mary when he was in college. 乔治上大学时就爱上了玛丽。

 

4.       真实条件句反非真实条件句对比:

1)  真实条件句,表示情况极有可能发生。

If it rains, I will stay at home.  如果下雨,我将呆在家里。(主句用一般将来时)

If you go out, you must/should/may take the umbrella.  如果你出去,你必须/应该/可以带上雨伞。 (主句用不同的情态动词)

If the water is heated, it boils / will boil.

如果水被加热,便会沸腾。(用于客观事实)

If you will grant my request, I will do everything you want.

如果你愿意答应我的请求,我愿意做任何你想要的事情。(从句用will表示请求。)

2)  非真实条件句:表示与存在的事实相反的情况:

a: 表示与现在事实相反:If 从句用过去时,主句用

would

should

might     + v. 构成

could

 

If I were you, I would help her.  我要是你,我就帮她了。(表示提意见。)

If I had time now, I would go with you. 我要是有时间,我就跟你去了。(事实上我没时间,很无奈。)

b: 表示与过去发生的事实相反,If从句用had done或could have done, 主句用

would

should

might     + have done 构成

could

If you had gone to the cinema, you would have enjoyed it. 当时你要是去看了电影,你一定会喜欢的。(当时你没去,很遗憾。)

If I had been in your position, I would have acted differently. 我当时要是处于你的位置,我会用不同的方法处理。(当时我没处于你的位置。)

c: 表示未来不可能实现的愿望。If从句用should 或

 

would

should

were to + v, 主句用      might     + v. 结构

could

If I were to be president, I would double everyone’s income. 我要当了总统,我会把每个人的收入番一番。(实际上是妄想。)

If he were to do the experiment, he would do it well. 他要是做实验,他会把它做好。(实验将不会由他来做。)

Lesson89                             A slip of the tongue

(口误)

课文注释:

1. A slip of the tongue 说走了嘴,失言

slip在这里表示“不精心的失误”,“错误”:

when he was nervous, he would sometimes make a slip of tongue.

 

2. People will do anything to see a free show--even if it is a bad one.

人们总是想尽办法看不花钱的演出??哪怕是拙劣的演出。

这是一个复合句,even if 引导让步状语从句。

Do anything to…= try one’s best 想尽办法做某事:

He will do anything to save his child’s life.

Free show 免费演出

To see a free show 表示目的,也可以用for+名词形式

 

3. When the news got round that a variety show would be presented at our local cinema by the P. and U. Bird Seed Company, we all rushed to see it.

当“皮尤”鸟食公司将在我们当地电影院演出喜剧节目的消息传开后,我们都赶紧跑去观看。

这是一个多重复合句,when引导的时间状语从句中的that从句作为news的同位语。由于这个同位语从句较长,便与他所修饰的news所隔开了,而放在了谓语动词的后面,以避免句子头重脚轻。同位语从句中用了被动语态过去将来时态。

Get round在这里表示消息的传播开了:

Bad news gets round quickly.

Rush to = rush into表示仓促行动,冒冒失失的做事情:

It is wrong to rush into marriage.

 

4. We had to queue for hours to get in and there must have been several hundred people present just be- fore the show began.

我们不得不排了好几个小时才进得场去,在演出开始之前肯定已经有几百人了。

这个复杂句是由and连接两个并列分句,第二个分句中的before引导时间状语从句。

Must have done表示对于过去发生事情进行推测,其否定形式为can’t have done;

Need have done表示过去本不必做但是实际上已经做过的事情;

The examiner must have been pleased with my performance.

You needn’t have told him about my plans.

 

5. Those who failed to get in need not have felt disappointed as many of the artistes who should have appeared did not come.

那些没能进场的人没有必要感到失望,因为很多应该出场的专业演员都没有来。

这是一个复合句,as引导原因状语从句,who引导定语从句。

Fail to do sth表示没有做某事,fail的具体意思很多可以表示失败、忽视、忘记、懒于等等:

I fail to pass the exam. 

经常和否定词相联用,构成双重否定句,效果比一般肯定句更好一些:

you can never fail to obey the law.

Should/ought to have done表示本来应该做但是实际上没有做过的事情;

He should have gone along a side street.

 

6. The only funny things we heard that evening came from the advertiser at the beginning of the program.

那天晚上唯一一件有趣的事情就是节目开始的时候那个报幕员的开场白。

这是一个含有定语从句的复合句,其中从句省略了引导词that.

Come from = come of = come in 表示来自,出身于的意思:

Wine comes from grapes.

 

7. As soon as he opened his mouth, everyone burst out laughing.

他刚一开口说话,人们便哄堂大笑起来。

Burst out是一个固定搭配,其常见的一个意思是“突然……起来”,后面通常接上动名词,也可以加上in/into再加上名词:

When she heard that her friend had died in the accident, she burst out crying.

 

8. We all know what the poor man should have said, but what he actually said was…

我们都明白那个可怜的家伙应该说些什么,而它实际上说得却是……

在用Should have done表示本来应该做但是实际上没有做过的事情的时候,后面通常会出现一个but之类的转折词以形成对比:

I should have left home before nine o’clock, but actually I didn’t.

Lesson 92                      Asking for trouble

课文注释:

1.       asking for trouble. 

自找麻烦。

这里是一个分词短语作为标题。

例如:you shouldn’t have talked to her in this way. You are asking for trouble.

Make trouble 惹事

Get into trouble 发生纠纷

 

2.   I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the door-bell, but she was fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed in the garden

我按响了门铃,试图唤醒我的妻子,但她睡得很熟。于是我从花园里的小棚子里搬来了一个梯子。

这是一个由but 和so 连接的并列句,by 引导的成分作为方式状语。

By …表示以某种方式进行

例如:she earned money by writing.

We went by train.

 

3.  I don"t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.

我看不必在夜里的这个时候擦窗子吧。

这是一个主从复合句。Think 后面是一个宾语从句,省略了引导词that。

Sth need doing = sth need to be done

在need want 这些词语后面如果加上动名词相当于不定式的被动语态。

The window needs washing = the window needs to be washed.

At the time of…在……之际

例如:at the time of the morning, we set off.

 

4.  "I enjoy cleaning windows at night."

"So do I,"

我喜欢在夜里擦窗子??我也是的!

这是两个独立的简单句,后一句话的动作与前一句话的动作是相一致的,而且是以肯定的语气叙述,所以要用so 引导,而且用的是倒装,意思与I enjoy cleaning windows at night too.是一致的。如果动作与上一句一致,但是表达的是否定的语气,则用neither 来引导。I  don’t enjoy cleaning windows at night and neither does he.

 

5.  Excuse my interrupting you.

请原谅我打断了您。

这是一个祈使句。

Excuse one’s doing = excuse sb for doing sth  请原谅某人的行为

在这里,one 作为形式这个动作的逻辑主语。

例如:he excused his being late = he excused him for being late.

 

6.  I hate to interrupt a man when he"s busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station ?

当一个人忙着干活的时候,我是不愿意去打断他的,但是请您跟我到警察局去一趟好吗?

这是一个由but 连接的并列句,but 分句中的would you mind one’s doing? 的结构,表示“你介意让某人做某事吗?”

例如:would you mind my coming with you?

Love / hate to do sth 表示喜欢或讨厌将要去做某事

Love / hate doing sth 表示一种喜欢或讨厌的习惯动作

 

7.  I"d prefer to stay here.

可是我更愿意待在这里。

Prefer to do sth 表示更愿意做某事

例如:I prefer to go swimming.

Prefer not to do sth表示更不愿意做某事

例如:I prefer not to go home.

Prefer to do / doing + rather than (to) do / doing sth 表示宁愿……而不愿……

例如:I prefer to sleep rather than go home.

 

Lesson 93                             A noble gift

 

1. One of the most famous monuments in the world, the Statue of Liberty, was presented to the United States of America in the nineteenth century by the people of France.

世界上最著名的纪念碑之一的自由女神雕像是在19世纪时由法国人民赠送给美国的.

这是一个被动语态的简单句。而the statue of liberty 作为 one of 的同位语。

例如:this window was broken by Tom.

Present是一个很重要的单词,我们一起来看看他的不同词性:

adj(1)出席的;到场的

Present at the meeting were the leading members of the departments concerned.

出席会议的有各有关部门的负责人。

(2)现在的;现存的

What is your present job?

你现在的工作是什么?

 vt (1)赠予;颁予

The mayor presented a silver cup to the winner.; The mayor presented the winner with a silver cup.

市长把银杯授予了获胜者。

(2)提出;呈递

The committee is presenting its investigation report next week.

                   委员会将于下星期提出调查报告。

(3)表示;呈现

 He presented his apologies.

  他表示道歉。

(4)演出;公演

 The theatre company is presenting "Romeo and Julia" by Shakespeare next week.

  剧团下星期将演出莎剧"罗密欧和朱丽叶"。

   n     礼物;礼品

The children unwrapped their Christmas presents with delight.

孩子们高兴地把圣诞礼物拆开。

常用短语:

at present现在;目前

At present, he is on holiday. 目前,他正在度假。

for the present眼前;暂时

(There is) no time like the present

你要做某事,没有比现在更好的时刻了

Be presented to 被赠送给

Present sth to sb 把某物赠送给某人

 

2.  The great statue, which was designed by the sculptor Auguste Bartholdi, took ten years to complete.

      这座巨大的雕像花了十年的时间才雕刻而成。

这是一个主从复合句,which 引导一个非限定性定语从句。

Take sb some time to do sth 花了某人多长时间去做某事

It takes me half an hour to finish my homework.

 

3.  The site chosen was an island at the entrance of New York Harbour.

 场地选在了纽约港入口处的一个岛上。

 这是一个简单句。Chosen 作为后置定语,可以改为一个定语从句。其本质上就是一个定语从句省略了which / that was.

  At the entrance of 在……的入口处

 

4.The following year, it was taken to pieces and sent to America.

第二年,它被拆成若干的小块运到美国。

这是一个简单的含有and 的并列句。

The following year = the next year 第二年

Take…to pieces 把……拆卸开

Tear… to pieces 把……撕成碎片

Come to pieces 分解开来,支离破碎

In one piece 完整的,安然无恙的

Piece by piece 逐渐地

 

5. Ever since then, the great monument has been a symbol of liberty for the millions of people who have passed through New York

      Harbour to make their homes in America.

从那时起,这座伟大的纪念碑对通过纽约港进入美国定居的千百万人来说就一直是自由的象征。

这是一个主从复合句。Who 引导的定语从句修饰people。

Ever其强调作用,没有具体意义。看到since这个标志性的完成时状语,后面的句子一定是用完成时态。

Million of  千百万的

Hundreds of 好几百的

Make one’s home = settle down 定居

 

 

Review this week's learning-L49~L61

LEARNING NCE L49~61:

1.the mail writing format:(LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH Pb36)

1)envelope:

top-left:sending address(return address)

                                 bottom-center:receiving person name

                                               receiving person address

note:there is no mark on envelope!

2)letter:

                                                                     top-right:sending address

                                                                               sending date

center-left:receiving  person name

            receiving person address

note:there are marks in the content of letter above!

2."glance at"  vs. "have a glimpse of"(LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH P643)

glance at:intentionally

have a glimpse of:unwittingly

3.now and again/now and then--occasionally(LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH P1027)

She meets her old byfreend for a drink now and then.

4.now that(LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH P1027)(既然)

Now that it has stopped raining,let's go.

5.by chance:(refer to http://www.huanggao.net/course/40307/qg/YY_22_02_011/)

  注意:by chance 和by accident 都意为偶然地,意外地。这时不能用fortune代替。如:

     I met him by chance/accident. 我偶然碰到他。

     另外chance一般指“好运”,fortune指“好运”或“坏运”都可以。

6.had hardly...when...:(http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2005-04-01/32508.html)

1)They had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 他们一到家,天就下起雨来。

2)②______ got into the room,______ the telephone rang. 他一到家,电话就响了。

  A. He hardly had;then B. Hardly had he;when

  C. He had not;that D. Not had he;when

  解析: 正确答案为B。当否定词hardly,scarcely,no sooner放在句首时,主谓要倒装

3)7.       He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.

1)      hardly…when 一…就:hardly 引导的部分用过去完成时;when 引导的部分用一般过去时。如果把Hardly 放到句首,它引导的部分要主谓倒装。比较no sooner…than.

   I had hardly left the house, when it began to rain.

   We had hardly hung the picture on the wall, when it fell down. = Hardly had we hung the picture on the wall, when it fell down.

  

RECITING ST WORDS TO P230:

last week,reciting ST words the first time has stopped for my health reason.

According plan,next weekend I will have finished 150 pages' reciting words and have read P380(20 pages a day),and have finished L62~L76 of NCE lesson(2 lessons a day).

But,the health is first,all else is nothing,include this plan!

HTC:HTML Component

前些天公司做了个内部培训,主要是有几位同事要加入到一个B/S的项目中去,由有B/S开发经验的同事给他们做个培训,大致介绍一下公司目前做表示层使用的框架和技术。我由于刚进公司,比较闲,于是被拉去旁听,第一次听说了这个HTC。

其实HTC也不是什么新的东西,只不过是一个封装,由微软免费提供,当然也仅仅支持IE,而且没有文档和任何技术支持。但是HTC说起来也挺简单的,就是把最常用的表单验证、动态表单生成等封装起来,使用到的基本技术也就是CSS和JS,而我们公司在使用JSP做View的时候,还结合了一点JST,使页面代码更清晰一点。

HTC的优势就在于它提供了一种适合程序员思路的写网页的方式。本来如做客户端验证之类的问题之所以成为一个问题,就是因为这里面有一定的业务逻辑,但是放在服务器端的确没有必要,放在客户端,那就是一个老问题了??逻辑与表示混合在一起。

HTC的具体技术实现可以到网上查一下,或者到微软的网站上下一份源码看看,很简单的,就是将逻辑用js写到htc文件里,然后通过css分布给各个表单控件,这里特别要提到的是,是通过控件css的behavior属性,或者是onBehavior方法发布到各个控件的。

下载地址

http://msdn.microsoft.com/archive/default.asp?url=/archive/en-us/samples/internet/behaviors/library/webservice/default.asp

微软的refrence

http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/workshop/components/htc/reference/htcref.asp